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Need to discover ways to make Graphene Batteries? Our Graphene Battery Person’s Information, which has been created for scientists and non-scientists alike, particulars how graphene batteries work, their advantages, and gives quick, actionable steps which you can take to start creating your personal graphene battery. Don’t miss out on the subsequent section of nano evolution. Our Graphene Battery Person’s Information consists of 4 nicely established graphene electrode designs of experiments (DOE) from innovative tutorial analysis together with one for a Graphene-Lithium-Sulphur battery, the present entrance runner expertise, and are included for reference.

Molecular Construction of Graphene

Graphene-based batteries are being actively researched for a lot of business functions. The improved efficiency and life cycle benefits when creating graphene-based batteries over conventional metal-ion batteries are nicely well worth the useful resource funding. Elon Musk’s Tesla Motors gives a well-known instance of revolutionary corporations actively pursuing graphene battery analysis and commercialization. We consider that the actual graphene battery breakthroughs will probably be from graphene-lithium-ion hybrid chemistries included into the cathodes of lithium-sulfur cells. The sort of expertise continues to be years away from commercialization and intensive analysis is ongoing. The extra revolutionary graphene battery applied sciences would require important R&D expenditures and can take a few years to commercialize.

To study extra in regards to the sorts of Graphene, synthesis strategies, properties, and functions please see our Graphene Person Information.

Conventional Battery Know-how

A Cross Sectional View of Conventional Battery

Batteries, whether or not they’re rechargeable should not, generally make use of lithium. Zinc and alkaline based mostly batteries can be found, however they typically have a shorter lifespan because of their excessive cost density. In contrast to lithium-based batteries, they will’t function at increased voltages. A main (non-rechargeable) battery consists of two electrodes which permits the present to stream in a single route solely, by way of an middleman electrolyte. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries nonetheless include two electrodes nonetheless the lithium ions can stream in each instructions relying on if charging or discharging. The anode is mostly a lithium-based (steel oxide) compound and the cathode a porous carbon. Each the cathode and anode have a inflexible construction with outlined holes, which permits for the absorption of lithium ions into the holes when the present is utilized. When there isn’t a present being utilized, the ions desorb into the electrolyte answer. Absorption of the lithium ions can happen on each the anode and the cathode. When a battery is in use, the ions transfer to the cathode. When charging, the present is reversed and the ion soak up into the anode. This course of permits for a lot of cycles to be produced, resulting in an enhanced lifespan. The cathode of selection is historically graphite and the anode can fluctuate, however widespread varieties are LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiFePO4, LiNiCoAlO2 and Li4Ti5O12.

Graphene Batteries Assist Make Batteries Cleaner

Graphene Batteries can cut back the environmental influence of battery use

Graphene battery expertise has an analogous construction to conventional batteries in that they’ve two electrodes and an electrolyte answer to facilitate ion switch. The primary distinction between solid-state batteries and graphene-based batteries is within the composition of 1 or each electrodes. The change primarily lies within the cathode, however carbon allotropes may be utilized within the anode as nicely. The cathode in a conventional battery is solely composed of solid-state supplies, the place as in a graphene battery the cathode is a composite-a hybrid materials consisting of a solid-state metallic materials and graphene. The quantity of graphene within the composite can fluctuate, relying upon the meant utility. The quantity of graphene included into the electrode typically relies upon upon the efficiency necessities and is predicated upon the present efficiencies and/or weaknesses of the solid-state precursor materials.

Graphene Battery Breakthrough

The true graphene battery breakthrough are the graphene-lithium-ion hybrid chemistries included into the cathodes of lithium-sulfur cells as detailed on this information. There are not any pure graphene electrodes in a graphene battery, many graphene-based electrodes are fabricated and work in an analogous technique to conventional batteries.

Their efficiency is enhanced by way of the addition of graphene to the electrode formulation. Typically, inorganic-based electrodes can have limitations that are sometimes floor space, density, capability, cycle instances, conductivity or capacitance to call a couple of. As graphene is a flexible molecule with many distinctive and fascinating properties, it may be adopted in quite a lot of methods as there isn’t a ‘one dimension matches all’ answer for utilizing graphene.

Graphene is used to reinforce lots of the advantages already current with conventional supplies, however it additionally helps to breakthrough earlier battery limitations, resulting in elevated battery efficiency or life. Graphene works in electrodes in two common methods, both as a help or a composite/hybrid. As a help materials, graphene helps to maintain steel ions in a daily order, which typically helps with electrode effectivity. As a composite materials in an electrode, it performs a special function as they’re typically extra concerned within the facilitation of the cost itself, the place its excessive conductivity and well-ordered construction are important to offering an enchancment in opposition to it’s non-graphene predecessors.

Beneath is an in depth account of how graphene particularly allows sure battery functions.

Lithium-Ion Batteries

Graphene-based batteries are rapidly turning into extra favorable than their graphite predecessors. Graphene batteries are an rising expertise which permits for elevated electrode density, sooner cycle instances, in addition to possessing the flexibility to carry the cost longer thus enhancing the battery’s lifespan. Graphite batteries are well-established and are available many kinds. Much like graphite, there are actually varied sorts of practical graphene by-product electrodes and researchers are discovering a number of advantages when in comparison with pure graphite electrodes.

Graphene-Steel Oxide Hybrids

As talked about, graphite has been traditionally used as the first cathode materials, the place the lithium ions migrate into the structured holes. Nevertheless, graphene doesn’t have this functionality. As an alternative, as a result of massive floor space of graphene, the lithium ions may be saved by way of floor adsorption and induced bonding. Induced bonding typically happens when a graphene by-product is current and the lithium ions bind to the functionalized floor. Along with a big floor space, graphene electrodes additionally possess excessive conductivity. Most of the steel oxides historically utilized in batteries have impairments corresponding to low conductivity, low volumetric vitality density and the lack of contact factors. By hybridizing the steel oxide matrix with graphene, many of those issues are eliminated and the conductivity turns into higher as a result of the interplay between the interstitial ions and the hybrid matrix is vastly improved. To provide Graphene-Steel Oxide nanoparticle hybrids, the graphene acts as a template through the synthesis which produces an evenly distributed matrix as a result of common repeating construction of graphene. This course of additionally limits nanoparticle aggregation which promotes the massive nanoparticle floor space through the lithium cost and discharge cycles. As such, the particular capability and biking efficiency is improved in opposition to pure MO-based electrodes. Graphene-MO hybrid electrodes can exhibit as much as 1100 mAh g-1 for the primary 10 cycles. The precise vitality density is maintained at 1000 mAh g-1, even after 130 cycles.

Graphene-Carbon Nanotube/Fullerene Hybrids

Whereas not as extensively reported, an electrode consisting of each graphene and both carbon nanotubes and/or fullerenes have been applied. Electrodes that include 6-15 monolayers of graphene, that are layered on high of one another, present a particular capability of 540 mAh g-1, which is an unlimited enchancment on their graphitic counterparts because of their increased floor space. By dispersing the graphene sheets with both carbon nanotubes or fullerenes, the inter-graphene spacing is elevated. This additional spacing creates additional cavities for the lithium ions to occupy and might enhance the particular capability by as much as 40% compared with stacked graphene electrodes.

Graphene Lithium Sulphur Batteries

Graphene Lithium Sulphur Batteries

A Graphene-Lithium-Sulphur Battery

Lithium sulphur batteries have the potential to exchange lithium-ion batteries in business functions because of their low value, low toxicity and the potential for possessing an vitality density of 2567 W h kg-1, which is 5 instances than that of lithium-based batteries at the moment out there. As such, they’ve attracted lots of curiosity. Nevertheless, lithium sulphur batteries have a number of important drawbacks which have stopped them from reaching the business market. The primary is the deposition of inorganic salts on the cathode, as a result of cell possessing extremely soluble reactants. The deposition of the salts causes a loss in energetic materials, low coulombic effectivity, low utilization of the sulphur cathode and a degradation of the cycle life. The second important concern is that sulphur suffers from an inherent low conductivity.

Utilizing graphene as a help for the sulphur ions eradicates a few of the related issues in sulphur batteries because of many properties beforehand talked about; it’s excessive electrical conductivity, good mechanical power, excessive chemical/thermal stability and a big floor space. The excessive floor space gives a very good dispersion of sulphur, which regulates the mobilization of sulphur ions and prevents a build-up of sulphur ions on the cathode. The manufacturing of graphene supported sulphur particles will also be produced by a one-pot synthesis.

The efficiency of lithium-sulphur batteries relies upon closely upon the focus of sulphur (and successfully the graphene to sulphur ratio) within the electrode. From electrodes produced so far, the upper sulphur containing electrodes present the very best efficiency. Electrodes containing 63 wt% sulphur produce a capability of 731 mAh g-1, with the potential of acquiring as much as 1160 mAh g-1. After 50 cycles, the capability is maintained at 700 mA h g-1. That is not less than twice the capability of different sulphur-graphene electrodes produced and they’re additionally steady underneath excessive fee biking. Some degradation of the cell does happen because the sulphur binding has not but reached 100% effectivity. Nonetheless, graphene supported sulphur electrodes present an unlimited enchancment when in comparison with non-graphene-based sulphur electrodes.

Graphene Supercapacitors

Graphene As A Tremendous Capacitor

Supercapacitors are a priceless commodity within the subject of electronics and might retailer up greater than 100 instances extra vitality than customary capacitors. Supercapacitors are additionally capable of work in low temperature circumstances and are repeatedly utilized in lieu of electrochemical batteries.

One of many important properties of a supercapacitance materials is the flexibility to type double-electric layers. That is important in electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) supercapacitors. Supercapacitors work by accumulating expenses on the electrode-electrolyte interface by polarization, in order that the vitality is saved. Activated carbon has been the normal electrode selection, however it suffers from the shortcoming to function at excessive voltages. Graphene, and its derivatives, are helpful because of their excessive particular floor space, excessive conductivity, open-pore construction, manufacturing potential and low value; all of that are fascinating properties for a supercapacitor.

Graphene-Steel Oxide Composite Electrodes

Graphene Steel Oxide Electrodes

Graphene Molybdenum Oxide Electrodes

Graphene and steel oxide composite electrodes have supplied a brand new space during which the capacitance is elevated in comparison with customary capacitor electrodes. Frequent steel oxides embody ZnO2, SnO2, Co3O4 and MnO2. MnO2 graphene composites are probably the most promising as a result of variable oxidation states that manganese ions can undertake. The redox response between the III and IV states entails the intercalation of steel ions within the electrolyte answer (e.g. Li+, Na+), which helps to facilitate vitality storage. Along with the environment friendly ion intercalation, the graphene sheets yield a conductive community with a big floor space, which helps to additional promote ion-electrode interactions. Graphene-MO composites present a excessive particular capacitance of 310 F g-1, which is 3 times increased than an electrode made from both pure graphene or steel oxide. 95.6% of the particular capacitance will also be retained after 2000 cycles when utilizing graphene-MO composites.

As talked about, supercapacitors are at the moment being favored over electrochemical batteries for some functions. Nevertheless, one challenge with utilizing supercapacitors is the decrease vitality density. Graphene has been included into the unfavourable electrodes of supercapacitors to extend the vitality density, whereas preserving the facility density excessive. Supercapacitors have been developed utilizing graphene because the unfavourable electrode and a nanowire-graphene composite because the optimistic electrode. This capacitor is ready up asymmetrically and has discovered to provide a high-energy density of 30.4 Wh kg-1 at an working voltage of two V. The graphene supercapacitors have surpassed different capacitors by way of each vitality and energy density and is a promising prospect within the subject of supercapacitors.

Graphene-Polymer Composite Electrodes

Graphene Polymer Electrodes

A Graphene-Polymer Composite Electrode

Whereas graphene-polymer composites don’t possess excessive conductivity when in comparison with different graphene-based composites, they do possess a excessive cost/discharge fee, flexibility, and excessive doping-undoping functionality. Graphene-polymer composites function by n and p doping redox reactions the place electrons are misplaced/gained to transform and retailer vitality. Graphene oxide and a nitrogen containing polymer are finest used to create a graphene-polymer electrode composite. Polymerization of the practical teams facilitates robust pi-pi interactions between the 2 elements of the composite which results in a big floor space and a semi-flexible construction that may mechanically deform through the cycle charge-discharge processes. These graphene-polymer composites can exhibit as much as 531 F g-1 and retain as much as 74% of its capacitance after 2000 cycles.

Graphene-CNT Electrodes

Graphene CNT Electrodes

A illustration of aligned carbon nanotubes in between graphene sheets

Like lithium-ion batteries, carbon nanotubes are used to extend the inter-graphene spacing between the assorted monolayers. Stacked graphene electrodes can endure from a decreased floor space in comparison with monolayered graphene. By introducing nanotubes into the electrode, each the nanopores and the conductivity of the electrode are elevated. Nanotubes may be employed into the graphene matrix in both two or three-dimensions, with a mean particular capacitance of 120 F g-1 and 386 F g-1, respectively. Within the three-dimensional graphene-CNT, the capacitance may even enhance by as much as 20% after 2000 cycles, exhibiting that these electrodes have a wonderful electrochemical stability.

Graphene Gas Cells

Graphene Electrodes In Gas Cells

A Gas Cell Inside View

Gas cells are completely different from batteries and capacitors, as they produce electrical energy slightly than retailer it. Many gasoline cells include a platinum-based catalyst, that are very costly to provide. To reduce the price of gasoline cells, carbon allotropes are used as helps for the platinum catalysts. Graphene is one such catalyst help. Graphene oxide gives a very good dispersion, massive floor space and excessive conductivity (when decreased), so the integrity and effectivity of the system is enhanced by integrating graphene into the composite supplies utilized in gasoline cells.

Graphene is utilized in some gasoline cells to assist facilitate the oxidation of methanol and has been discovered to be way more efficient than different carbon allotropes, corresponding to carbon nanotubes and carbon black. Graphene’s two-dimensional sheets present a higher energetic floor space for electron/ion transport, as either side of the sheet are uncovered to the answer inside the gasoline cell. The uniformity of the graphene floor additionally prevents aggregation and promotes an excellent distribution of the platinum particles throughout the helps. The floor defects within the graphene construction additionally will increase the interplay between the graphene help and the platinum particles. Platinum-graphene supported gasoline cells can exhibit a present density as much as 0.12 mA cm-2, which is not less than 3 times increased than different carbon-based helps.

Graphene may be doped with nitrogen after present process a nitrogen plasma remedy. Doped graphene has nitrogen-based practical teams on its floor which permit for a greater dispersion and ornament by the platinum nanoparticles. Doped graphene produces a higher conductivity and electrocatalytic exercise in comparison with undoped graphene. The oxidation present of doped graphene is twice that of undoped graphene.

Design Of Experiments- Synthesizing A Graphene-Primarily based Battery Electrode

The conversion of graphene and metal-based inorganic compounds into usable graphene composites for electrodes may be achieved by many strategies. As this new subject is advancing, new strategies are often being invented and subsequently revealed. So far they embody ex-situ hybridization, in-situ crystallization, chemical discount, electroless deposition, sol-gel strategies, hydrothermal strategies, electrochemical deposition, thermal evaporation and in-situ self-assembly, to call a couple of of the commonest courses utilized.

As with every methodology, there are all the time a number of methods to synthesize the fabric itself. To cowl each can be impractical, so right here we take a look at some particular methods which you can implement graphene into composite supplies to be used as electrodes in your graphene battery R&D undertaking. The values used are from revealed experiments and are used for ratio illustrative functions solely. The quantities and scale may be various to higher go well with particular experiments.

Beneath is a DOE for Graphene-Lithium-Sulphur batteries, a present main expertise.

“Synthesis of the Thermally Exfoliated Lowered Graphene. Thermally exfoliated decreased graphene was obtained.

Preparation of Graphene-Sulphur Hybrids- The G/S hybrids have been ready by hydrothermal discount meeting of GO with a sulfur-dissolving CS2 and alcohol answer. In short, 50 mL of the GO aqueous dispersion and 15 mL of alcohol have been combined, after which 3 mL of CS2 containing 100, 150, and 200 mg of dissolved sulfur (tuning the sulfur content material within the samples) was added to the GO dispersion. The combination was stirred for 90 min after which sealed in an 80 mL Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave for a hydrothermal response at 180 C for 10 h. The black cylinder of the G/S hydrogel was washed by ethanol and distilled water, and the moist hydrogel was then freeze-dried to acquire the G/S hybrids.

Preparation of Graphene-Sulphur Hybrids (Powder)- G/S hybrids (powder) have been ready by mixing 90 mg of intercalation-exfoliated graphene and thermally exfoliated decreased graphene with 150 mg of sulfur underneath the identical hydrothermal circumstances because the G/S hybrids.

Preparation of Graphene-Sulphurmix The G/Smix was ready by mixing- 50 mL of the GO aqueous dispersion, 15 mL of alcohol, and 150 mg of sulfur underneath the identical circumstances however with out CS2.

Electrochemical Measurements. The G/S hybrid was lower, compressed, and formed right into a round pellet with a diameter of 12 mm and immediately used as a cathode. The mass loading of a G/S electrode was about 2 mg cm2. The G S59 or G S60 hybrid (powder) cathode was ready by mixing 90 wt % G S59 or G S60 hybrid (powder) with 10 wt % polyvinylidene fluoride dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a binder to type a slurry, which was then coated on an aluminum foil and dried underneath vacuum at 70 C for 12 h. The foil was pressed between twin rollers, formed right into a round pellet with a diameter of 12 mm, and used as a cathode. The electrolyte was 1.0 M lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide in 1,3-dioxolane and 1,2-di- methoxyethane (1:1 by quantity) with 0.5 wt % LiNO3 additive. A 2025 sort stainless-steel coin cell was used to assemble a check cell. A lithium steel foil was used because the anode, and a G/S slice because the cathode. A LAND galvanostatic cost discharge instrument was used to carry out the measurements. The coin-type cell was assembled in an Ar-filled glovebox (MBraun Unilab). The present density set for cell assessments was referred to the mass of sulfur within the cathode and various from 0.3 to 4.5 A g-1. The cost discharge voltage vary was 1.5 2.8 V. The CV was measured utilizing a VSP-300 multichannel potentiostat/galvanostat (Bio-Logic, France) workstation within the voltage vary 1.5 2.8 V (vs Liþ/Li) at a scan fee of 0.1 mV s-1. The G S63 hybrid electrode was discharged to the tip of the second plateau and disassembled, dried within the glovebox, and adopted by transferring to the vacuum chamber of XPS for construction characterization.”1

Beneath are 3 extra sorts of Graphene Electrode DOE’s

To create a pure graphene-based electrode, disperse graphene oxide powder (100 mg) in distilled water (30 mL) and sonicate for half-hour. Warmth the ensuing suspension on a scorching plate till it reaches 100 °C and add hydrazine hydrate (3 mL). Preserve the suspension at 98 °C for twenty-four h to scale back the graphene oxide to rGO. The decreased graphene oxide may be collected by filtration to go away a black powder. Wash the filtrated powder a number of instances with distilled water, in order that the surplus hydrazine is eliminated. Re-disperse the graphene powder into water by sonication. Centrifuge the answer (4000 rpm, 3 minutes) to take away the bigger particles. Gather the graphene by vacuum filtration and dry in a vacuum. In case you have bought rGO, then this step may be skipped. To create the electrode, disperse graphene in ethanol till a focus of 0.2 mgmL-1 is achieved. Filter the suspension by vacuum filtration and accumulate on the microporous filter paper. Reduce the filtered graphene into 1 x 2 cm2 (1 mg weight), in order that it’s prepared to be used. Connect it to a cell, with an electrolyte buffer, to check the graphene electrode.

This second methodology particulars the preparation of a cobalt-graphene hybrid electrode, to be used as an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. To arrange the electrode, add graphene oxide (0.1 g) to cobalt acetate (350 mg) and deionised water (400 mL). To the answer add NH4OH (3800 µL) and hydrazine (250 µL) and stir for 4 h at 100 °C. Filter the answer as soon as the response has completed. Re-crystallize the answer by heating the product for six h at 200 °C.

This remaining methodology is for making a tin-graphene nanoribbon composite electrode, to be used in lithium-ion batteries. To create the electrode, add graphene nanoribbon (GNR) (75 mg), SnCl2.H2O (1.33g, 5.89 mmol), 2-pyrrolidinone (65 mL) and a magnetic stirrer bar to a dried round-bottom flask. Sonicate the answer for 20 minutes, adopted by refluxing for 1 h. Cool the vessel to room temperature and sonicate in a single day in an open-air atmosphere. Quench the combination with acetone and water 3 times and filter over a PTFE membrane (0.45 µm). Dry in a vacuum (60 °C) for twenty-four h and anneal in a quartz furnace (500 °C, Ar environment) for 2h. The theoretical yield is 380 mg.

Graphene Merchandise Out there

Low cost Tubes Inc gives varied graphene-based merchandise that may be applied into electrode formulations.

Above- Our Plasma Exfoliated Graphene Nanoplatelets

Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) provide a few of the finest properties for battery functions. The GNPs can be utilized to exchange different carbon-based supplies. GNPs have glorious electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical stability and might present a composite with enhanced conductivities, mechanical power, and decrease gasoline permeation. Our analysis grade graphene nanoplatelets are produced by plasma exfoliation. Our plasma exfoliation course of produces high-grade GNPs which have much less defects and a better inside conductivity. The GNPs include a number of graphene layers and customarily have a thickness between 3-10 nm and are friable with excessive shear strategies corresponding to a 3 roll mill or homogenizer. The GNPs can be found with various practical teams, together with nitrogen-based, oxygen-based, fluorine and amine teams. Non-functionalised GNPs (argon processed) are additionally out there. The manufacturing strategies are scalable, so GNPs may be applied in massive quantity and bigger scale functions.

Graphene Oxide (and decreased graphene oxide) is on the market as a powder, a dispersion, or a spin coated movie. The basic composition of Cheaptubes graphene oxide consists of 35-42% carbon, 45-55% oxygen and 3-5% hydrogen. Dispersions may be supplied in varied solvents and in a variety of concentrations. We additionally provide graphene oxide (and decreased graphene oxide) movies and coatings. A graphene oxide movie comprised of our single layer graphene oxide product spin coated on glass gives a 5-20 nm remaining thickness. Additionally they possess a conductivity within the vary of 104-105 Sm-1, with a sheet resistance of 101-103 Ωsq-1. In distinction, a single (versatile) graphene sheet on a versatile natural substrate gives the identical thickness and space, however it gives a conductivity within the vary of 103-104 Sm-1 and a sheet resistance of 102-104 Ω sq-1.

CVD Graphene Movies are additionally out there. Graphene movies which have been grown on a variety of substrates together with silicon, copper, PET and quartz, can be found. They will also be transferred to quite a lot of buyer provided substrates if they’re suitable with the solvents used to drift the graphene off the substrate so it may be redeposited onto your substrate.

As an alternative choice to graphene, conductive carbon nanotube composite components can be utilized. This product has been particularly designed to enhance the effectivity of lithium-ion electrodes. As a mix of each nanotubes and carbon black, it improves the faucet density (as much as 10%) and capacitance retention of the electrode with out decline after a number of cost/discharge cycles. The additive include multi-walled carbon nanotubes blended with a proprietary carbon black. This additive can be utilized in each the anode and cathode inside a battery cell. Typically 2-3 wt% is utilized in a cathode and 1-2 wt% in an anode.

Conclusion

Graphene-based batteries are rapidly turning into comparable, by way of effectivity, to conventional solid-state batteries. They’re advancing on a regular basis and it received’t be lengthy earlier than they surpass their solid-state predecessors. The additional advantages related to graphene being current within the electrodes may be helpful, even when the effectivity isn’t as excessive. For batteries that possess an analogous effectivity, graphene batteries are a super selection, which is why scientist are attempting to additional advance this class of batteries. They’ve began to realize traction within the business market and it received’t be lengthy earlier than they turn out to be the norm and phase-out solid-state batteries. To cite current forecasts “the world graphene battery market is predicted to achieve $115 million by 2022, rising at a CAGR of 38.4% through the forecast interval. The automotive business is estimated to dominate the market all through the evaluation interval. Geographically, Europe is predicted to be the main market in 2016, with a income contribution of round 38%.”

With rising vitality calls for globally, enhancing vitality storage gadgets whereas decreasing unfavourable environmental impacts associated to client based mostly battery utilization is a noble purpose and one which we emphatically help. We hope that this information has helped you to grasp the present graphene battery analysis developments and impressed you to start graphene battery improvement.

References:

1- https://www.researchgate.web/publication/236835746_A_Fibrous_Hybrid_of_Graphene_and_Sulfur_Nanocrystals_for_High_Performance_Lithium-Sulfur_Batteries

Huang X., Xiaoying Q., Boey F. and Zhang H., Graphene based mostly composites, Chem Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 666-686

Zhou G., Yin L., Wang D. and Cheng H., A fibrous hybrid of graphene and sulfur nanocrystals for top efficiency lithium-sulfur batteries, ACS Nano, 2013, 7(6)

Cheng Q., Tang J., Zhang H., Graphene and carbon nanotube composite electrodes for supercapacitors with ultra-high vitality density, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 17615-17624

Peng Z., Xiang C., Yan Z., Natelson D., Graphene Nanoribbon and Nanostructured SnO2 Composite Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries, ACS Nano, 2013, 7(7)

Haegyeom Ok., Dong-Hwa S., Sung Wook None Ok., Kisuk Ok., Extremely reversible Co3O4/graphene hybrid anode for lithium rechargeable batteries, Carbon, 2011, 49(1), 326-332

https://www.researchgate.web/publication/236835746_A_Fibrous_Hybrid_of_Graphene_and_Sulfur_Nanocrystals_for_High_Performance_Lithium-Sulfur_Batteries

http://www.graphenea.com

http://www.businesswire.com/information/dwelling/20161101006012/en/World-Graphene-Battery-Market-Price-USD-115

http://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/5/3/1481/htm

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